![]() eduPASS | The International Student's Guide to Studying and Living in the USA |
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There are a lot of nuances to life in the US that you can only learn by living here. Nevertheless, we will try to introduce you to some of the more important cultural differences.
Don't believe all of the stereotypes you may have heard about
Americans. Even the ones that are true in general may not be true
about specific individuals or a large segment of the population. For
example, although Americans tend to be louder and more boisterous than
people from other cultures (especially at athletic events), many of
the people you meet will be quiet and polite. Some people may be intolerant
and xenophobic, but most will be pleasant and welcoming. Remember that American
films and television exaggerate in order to generate excitement, and
so present a rather distorted picture of what life in the United States is
really like. Likewise, tourists are not always on their best behavior.
Americans do tend to be more informal than people from other
countries. It is common for Americans to wear casual clothing to
school and to greet professors by first name.
Nevertheless, good manners and politeness are always
appropriate. If you are courteous and polite, and dress a little more
formally than your American friends, it will only reflect well on you.
However, there are situations and environments in which formality is
the norm. Some businesses require their employees to wear a uniform or
a suit. It would be inappropriate to wear a T-shirt and blue jeans to
a job interview. Some of the more prestigious restaurants require a
coat and tie. Americans tend to dress up for cultural events (the
opera, theater and ballet) and to dress down for athletic
events. Formal wear is required at weddings and funerals, or any other
event with religious overtones.
Rid yourself of any preconceived notions of American behavior before
you arrive. If you rely on the stereotypes, you will likely put
yourself into an awkward and embarrassing situation and offend your
American acquaintances. Some of the more common stereotypes of American
citizens include:
When two people are talking to each other, they tend to stand a
specific distance apart. Each person has an invisible boundary around
their body into which other people may not come. If someone pierces
this boundary, they will feel uncomfortable and move away to increase
the distance between them. (The major exception is family members and
other loved ones.) This personal distance is not due to body odor or
bad breath, but because closeness lends a sense of intimacy that is at
odds with their relationship to the other individual.
Interestingly, the average personal distance varies from culture to
culture. Americans tend to require more personal space than in other
cultures. So if you try to get too close to an American during your
conversation, he or she will feel that you are "in their face" and
will try to back away. Try to be aware of this, so if the person to
whom you are speaking backs away a little, don't try to close the gap.
Also, try to avoid physical contact while you are speaking, since this
may also lead to discomfort. Touching is a bit too intimate for casual
acquaintances. So don't put your arm around their shoulder, touch
their face, or hold their hand. Shaking hands when you initially meet
or part is acceptable, but this is only momentary.
American names are written and spoken with the given name first and
the family name last. So John Smith's family name is Smith, not John.
In a formal setting, address men as "Mister" (abbreviated as "Mr."),
married women as "Misses" (abbreviated as "Mrs."), and unmarried women
as "Miss" (abbreviated as "Ms."). These days many women prefer to be
addressed using the abbreviations "Ms." or "M.", pronounced "miz". If
the person has an M.D. or Ph.D., they will often be addressed as
"Doctor" (abbreviated as "Dr."). Faculty are addressed as "Professor"
(abbreviated as "Prof.").
In an informal situation, Americans will introduce each other by first
name, without titles, and occasionally by just the last name. If you
are introduced to somebody by first name, you can address him or her
by first name the next time you meet. The only exception would be for
someone who holds an important position, such as the university
president or provost. Unless they tell you otherwise, faculty should
be addressed using their title and last name (e.g., "Professor
Smith").
When in doubt, use the formal manner of address, since it is better to
err on the side of formality. It is also appropriate to ask how they
prefer to be addressed.
Children should always address adults in the formal fashion, using
their title and last name.
Americans are much more assertive that most international
visitors. They use words as tools to express their opinions and to
accomplish goals. Speaking for yourself and attempting to persuade
someone to adopt your view are not only not taboo, but expected. The
United States has a rather individualistic society, with less social
pressure to conform. As a result, you will need to become more
assertive and to speak out on your own behalf. Take the initiative and
volunteer information that will be of interest. In an interview, talk
about your goals and accomplishments. An American idiom
expresses this requirement succinctly: If you don't toot your own
horn, who will?
Accordingly, Americans begin a discussion with a focus on
accomplishments and concrete facts, and later proceed to the
abstract. So you should begin any conversation or proposal with the
most important information. Be direct, and reserve the small talk for
later. To quote another American idiom, you have
to put your best foot forward.
It is ok to criticize someone's opinion, as long as you are providing
constructive criticism.
Eye contact is also important. It is not a sign of disrespect, but
instead an indication of openness, honesty, and enthusiasm.
Restaurants do not include a service charge in the bill, so you should
tip the waiter 15% of the total bill. If service was slow or
particularly bad, some Americans will tip only 10%. Likewise, if
service was particularly good, it is appropriate to tip 20%. If
service was so bad that you would never eat in the restaurant again,
leave two cents. This is a deliberate insult, because it tells the
waiter that you didn't forget to leave a tip. Tipping is only
appropriate in restaurants which offer table service. You do not tip
the cashier in a fast food restaurant.
The words "tip" and "gratuity" are used interchangeably, with
"gratuity" having a slightly more formal connotation.
Taxi drivers expect to get a tip equal to 15% of the total fare. If
the driver was especially helpful or got you to your destination more
quickly than you expected, give a 20% tip.
Hotel bellhops expect a $1 tip for helping you with your bags. If you
order room service, the gratuity is included in the bill. Coat
checkroom attendants expect $1 per coat. Hairdressers and barbers
expect a tip of 15% of the bill. Valet parking attendants expect a $1
tip.
Federal regulations prohibit letter carriers from accepting cash gifts
in any amount, or gifts worth $20 or more from customers.
If you are in doubt, ask whether it is appropriate to tip or whether a
gratuity is included in the bill.
Bribery is not considered appropriate and often illegal. Bribing a
policeman will certainly get you arrested.
Americans often plan social gatherings on short notice, so don't be
surprised if you get invited to someone's home or to see a movie or
baseball game without much warning. If the time is convenient for you,
by all means accept their invitation. But if you are busy, do not be
afraid to decline the invitation, perhaps suggesting a time that would
be better. Your host will not be insulted.
If a friend has invited you to drop by anytime, it is best to call
before visiting to make sure it is convenient for them. Do not stay
too long, since you do not want to overstay your welcome.
Invitations are usually issued in person or over the telephone. The
main exception is for receptions and other formal occasions, in which
case a written invitation will be mailed. You would normally receive a
written invitation to a wedding or a bar mitzvah.
For a casual dinner invitation, do not arrive more than 5 minutes
early, because your host may still be preparing for your
visit. Arriving more than 10 minutes late is considered rude if very
few people were invited. If many people were invited, it is ok to
arrive a little late, even as much as half an hour late. For example,
it is ok to arrive late for a party, for a potluck dinner or for a
social gathering involving a large group of people. The main
consideration is whether there are enough people in the group so that
your late arrival will not be noticed.
At a party, don't be surprised if you are asked what you do for a
living. This is a normal opening line of conversation, and not an
insult.
If you are invited for dinner, it is appropriate to bring the host a
bottle of wine, a gift basket of fruit, a box of candy, or a small
potted plant or bouquet of flowers. Do not bring roses, as they have a
more intimate connotation; men often give roses to women on a date.
If you wish to thank the host for his or her hospitality, it is
appropriate to call or send a brief written thank you note the next
day.
Business visits, on the other hand, tend to be extremely punctual. If
you arrive late to a business appointment, it will reflect badly on
you. So try to arrive on time, or even a little early. If you know that you will be arriving
late, you should telephone ahead to let them know of the delay.
If a business meeting takes place over a meal, expect the business
discussions to begin after everyone has ordered their meal, sometimes
as soon as everyone is seated. Socializing tends to occur after the
business is concluded, not before. This is in contrast with the
practice in many other countries, where the purpose of the meal is to
socialize with and get to know each other before any business is
discussed.
Many American companies have women in management positions. So don't
be surprised if the person who meets you is a woman, not a man. They
are just as competent (if not more so) than their male
counterparts. If you feel uncomfortable, focus on the business at hand
and ignore the fact that she happens to be a woman. Do not, however,
ask personal questions as you might with a male colleague. In
particular, do not ask whether she is married or has children. Do not
flirt with her, refer to body parts, ask her out on a date, or make
suggestive or sexual remarks.
When businessmen or businesswomen meet, they usually introduce
themselves by shaking right hands. When you shake hands, don't crush
their fingers, but also don't hold their hand too lightly. A firm
handshake is best.
Business cards are not normally exchanged upon meeting. If you need a
colleague's contact information, it is ok to ask them for their
card. It is also ok to offer someone your card.
Bribery is not appropriate.
Proper business attire is extremely important in the US. If you dress
inappropriately for an interview, for example, your chances of getting
the position are significantly reduced.
Ask your American friends or professors for help in selecting a good
set of business clothes. You can also ask the sales staff at the more
expensive stores, such as Ann Taylor, Brooks Brothers, or Saks 5th
Avenue, for advice. Even if you later buy your clothing at Sears or
Caldor, it will give you a good sense of what is appropriate attire.
Men should have at least one suit, consisting of a coat and
conservative tie with a white button-down shirt. Dark suit colors,
such as navy blue, black, or dark gray, are best. The tie should match
the suit and not be flashy. A geometric pattern with red, gray, black,
and white elements is best.
Women's clothing is more difficult to describe. The goal is to achieve
a conservative and professional look. Straight lines and dark colors
are preferred.
When you call someone, it is polite to identify yourself. For example,
if your name is John Smith and you were calling Robert Chen, you would
say "Hello, this is John Smith. May I speak to Robert Chen, please?".
When you answer the phone, it is ok to answer just "Hello". After
your caller introduces himself, you would say one of the following:
It is not polite to call someone before 9 am or after 10 pm, unless it
is an emergency. The only exception would be if he or she told you it
is ok to call earlier or later.
To wave goodbye or hello to someone, raise your hand and wave it
from side to side, not front to back. Wave the whole hand, not just
the fingers. Waving the hand front to back or the fingers up and down
means "no", "stop", or "go away". Holding your hand up with the palm
facing forward but no movement means "stop". Holding your hand with
the palm toward your body and wagging the fingers toward the body
means "come here". Holding your hand with the palm up with all
fingers curled and repeated curling and uncurling the index finger
means "come here".
If you want to point at an object, extend the index finger and use it
to point at the object. It is not polite to point at people.
If you want the waiter to bring the check, make a writing gesture with
one hand as the pen and the other hand as the paper. If you just want
the waiter to come, make eye contact and raise your hand.
Shaking your head from side to side means no. Shaking
your head up and down means yes.
Never show your fist with the middle finger extended. This is an
insult. Shaking a closed fist at someone is also rude, especially if
it is in their face, and is an expression of anger.
Although showing your fist with the thumb up or your open hand with
the tips of the thumb and index fingers together forming an "O" means
"ok", this is an overused stereotype. Americans understand this
gesture, but it is mainly used by actors in movies, not in real life.
It is not polite to pick your nose or chew your fingernails in public.
Likewise, it is not polite to pick your teeth (with or without a
toothpick) in public.
Patting a woman on her rear end is not appropriate, and will likely
get your face slapped.
Winking at a woman is also inappropriate because of the flirtatious
nature of the gesture. In other circumstances a wink will signal
amusement or that the speaker is kidding. Because of the potential for
misinterpretation, winking should be avoided.
When smiling, it is normal to bare your teeth, so long as the facial
expression still looks like a smile, not a grimace.
It is not polite to burp in public or to slurp your soup.
In the United States, dates are written as month/day/year. This is the
opposite of the British method, in which dates are written
day/month/year. So while 4/3/67 would be March 4, 1967 in Europe, it
is April 3, 1967 in the United States. It is best to write out dates
using the month name in order to avoid confusion.
In the United States, the number 13 is symbolic of bad luck. Tall
office buildings sometimes skip the number 13 when numbering the
floors.
The number 7 is symbolic of good luck.
The word trillion means a 1 followed by 12 zeros, a British
billion. The word billion means a 1 followed by 9 zeros, a British
milliard.
A period is used to indicate a decimal point, not a comma. A comma is
used to separate groups of three digits in large numbers, thus
"$1,232.52".
Most Americans eat three meals during the day: breakfast, lunch, and
dinner. Breakfast begins between 7:00 and 8:00 am, lunch between 11:00
am and noon, and dinner between 6:00 and 8:00 pm. On Sundays "brunch"
is a combination of breakfast and lunch, typically beginning at 11:00
am. Students often enjoy a "study break" or evening snack around
10:00 or 11:00 pm.
Breakfast and lunch tend to be light meals, with only one
course. Dinner is the main meal.
For breakfast Americans will eat cereal with milk (often mixed
together in a bowl), a glass of orange juice, and toasted bread or
muffin with jam, butter, or margarine. Another common breakfast meal
is scrambled eggs or an omelet with potatoes (hash browns) and
breakfast meat (bacon or sausage). People who are eating light might
eat just a cup of yogurt. Lunch and dinner are more varied.
When eating at a formal dinner, you may be overwhelmed by the number
of utensils. How do you tell the difference between a salad fork, a
butter fork, and a
dessert fork? Most Americans don't know the answer either (it's the
number of tines or prongs on the fork). But knowing which fork or
spoon to use first is simple: use the outermost utensils first and the
utensils closest to the plate last.
Smoking has become socially unacceptable in the US, in part due to the
health risks. Smoking is prohibited in government and public
buildings, and many businesses, especially restaurants, will not
permit smoking on the premises. Those restaurants that permit smoking
will usually have a separate section for customers who smoke. Your
school probably has a ban on smoking within campus buildings or near
building entrances.
Tobacco products may not be sold to anyone under 18 years old, and
federal law requires stores to ask to see a photo ID for anyone under
27 years old.
If you are a guest in someone's home, you should ask whether it is ok
to smoke before lighting up. If there are no ashtrays in the house, it
is a good sign that smoking is not acceptable.
Smoking on airplane flights within the US is prohibited. There are
severe penalties for smoking on an airplane or in an airplane
lavatory. Smoking is also prohibited on interstate trains and buses.
Smoking is prohibited on public transportation, including buses and
trolleys.
Smoking around children is inappropriate. Buying cigarettes for a
child, or giving a child a cigarette is illegal.
It is extremely impolite to blow smoke in someone's face.
If you are smoking and someone coughs, it is often a polite way of
asking you to extinguish the cigarette.
If you are invited to a wedding, baby shower, bar mitzvah, or
other celebration, it is expected that you will bring a gift. Unless
you know the host very well, the gift should be modest in value, about
$25.
For a wedding, the bride will have "registered" at one or two local
department stores, indicating the items and styling she prefers. You
can buy the couple a gift that isn't listed, but most people buy
something listed on the registry. If you buy an item listed on the
registry, be sure to tell the store that you are doing this, so that
the couple doesn't receive duplicate gifts. For a baby shower, bring
a gift appropriate for a newborn baby. For a bar mitzvah, bring a gift
appropriate for a 13-year-old boy. Bar Mitzvah gifts tend to be more
formal in nature. For example, a gold-plated Cross pen is quite
common. Personalizing the pen by engraving the recipient's full name
will be appreciated.
If you wish to give a gift when you leave to return to your home
country, the best gift is something that is unique to your country. It
does not need to be especially valuable or rare, just reminiscent of
your home. Possibilities include a book about your country, an
inexpensive handicraft or piece of art, or something else that
reflects your culture. If the children collect coins and stamps, they
would be very pleased with a set of your country's coins or a
selection of mint stamps from your country. Items that are common in
your country but difficult to find in the United States are also good.
If you owe a debt of deep gratitude to an American host family, a
common way of repaying it is to take the family to a form of
entertainment, such as a baseball, basketball, or hockey game, the
ballet, or to a good restaurant.
When giving gifts to a business acquaintance, do not give anything of
a personal nature, especially to a woman. Do not give cosmetics. A
scarf is ok, but other types of clothing are not. Something
appropriate for the office is best. But gift giving is not as
important in America as it is in other countries, so there is nothing
wrong with not giving a gift.
If you need help selecting a gift, talk to a salesperson at a
department store. Tell them about the person who will be receiving the
gift and the reason for the gift, and they will help you find
something appropriate and within your budget.
Temperatures are most often reported in Fahrenheit, and occasionally
also in Celsius. To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius, subtract 32 and
multiply the result by 5/9. The following table lists a few common
temperatures:
Climate varies considerably across the United
States. You will probably need an umbrella, even in Las Vegas or Los
Angeles. In the northern cities, such as Boston, Chicago, Pittsburgh,
New York, Seattle, Washington, Denver, and Minneapolis you will need
cold weather and snow gear. In the southern states, such as California
and Florida, summers may be very hot and the winters mild. Depending
on the part of the country, temperatures during the summer will run
from the 70s through the 90s.
No matter where you are in the US, you will probably need a sweater or
jacket for part of the year. If you will be living in an area that
gets snow, you will need a good winter coat, boots, and gloves. If the
coat does not include a hood, you will need a hat that covers your
ears. But all this can wait until after you arrive in the US. Clothing
is relatively inexpensive in the US, and it may be easier to find
appropriate clothing at your destination. Wait until you arrive, and
watch what the natives wear.
The United States has four main time zones: Pacific
Standard Time (PST), Mountain Standard Time (MST), Central Standard
Time (CST), and Eastern Standard Time (EST). When it is 9:00 am in
California (PST) it is 10:00 am in Denver (MST), 11:00 am in Chicago
(CST), and 12:00 noon in New York (EST). Alaska is one hour earlier
than California, and Hawaii is two hours earlier. Puerto Rico is in
the Atlantic Standard Time zone, one hour after New York. If you are on the
east coast of the US and calling someone on the west coast, they are
probably still asleep at 9:00 am your time. If you are on the west
coast and calling someone on the east coast, they are probably eating
dinner at 4:00 pm your time.
The following table lists the states that occur in each time
zone. States that span two time zones are italicized.
The following table lists the number of hours ahead or behind Eastern
Standard Time for cities around the world. Add the number to Eastern
Standard Time to arrive at the time in the named city, or subtract it
from the time in the named city to obtain Eastern Standard Time.
During Daylight Savings Time clocks are set forward one hour. It
begins on the first Sunday in April and ends
on the last Sunday in October. The mnemonic "Spring Forward, Fall
Back" will help you remember how to set your clocks.
The American calendar is filled with numerous holidays. The following
table shows some of the more popular holidays. Important national
holidays have been indicated in bold face. Most non-essential
government offices will be closed on these days. (Fire, Ambulance and
Police are always open.) Banks and post offices also tend to be closed
on these days, and many businesses will give their employees the day
off.
It is also important to be aware of the holidays of people of other
religious faiths. For example, important Jewish holidays include
Yom Kippur, Rosh Hashanah, Sukkoth, Chanukah, and Passover. Yom
Kippur, Rosh Hashanah, and Sukkoth occur in the fall. Chanukah occurs
in December, near Christmas. Passover occurs in March or April, near Easter.
The United States still uses the English system of weights and
measures. The metric system is available, but people think quarts and
inches, not liters and centimeters. The following charts convert
between the English and metric systems for the most commonly used measures.
Most electrical outlets in the United States operate with a voltage of 110-120
volts, 60 cycles. If your equipment requires 220 volts, bring a
transformer and plug adapter.
Videotapes recorded on foreign VCRs will not necessarily play
correctly on American VCRs.
If you're thinking of buying a computer to bring with you, you may
wish to wait until after you arrive in the US to get a
computer. Computer and software prices are often less expensive in the
US, and getting cheaper every day.
Stereotypes
Personal Space
Forms of Address
Demeanor
Tipping
Social Visits
Business Visits
Business Clothing
Telephone Etiquette
Gestures
Vocalizations
Dates
Numbers
Dining
Smoking
Gift Giving
Time and Temperature
°F °C Description 212 100 boiling point of water 98.6 37 normal body temperature 86 30 very hot summer day 72 22 room temperature 68 20 mild spring day 50 10 warm winter day 32 0 freezing point of water 20 -7 very cold winter day
Time Zone States Eastern Connecticut, Delaware, District of
Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky,
Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island,
South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West
Virginia Central Alabama, Arkansas, Florida,
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky,
Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri,
Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota,
Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin Mountain Arizona, Colorado, Idaho,
Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North
Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah,
Wyoming Pacific California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Washington
City Time Delta City Time Delta City Time Delta City Time Delta
Addis Ababa
+8
Alexandria
+7
Amsterdam
+6
Athens
+7
Baghdad
+8
Bangkok
+0
Barcelona
+5
Beijing
-11
Belfast
+5
Belgrade
+6
Berlin
+6
Bogotá
+0
Bombay
+10:30
Brasília
+2
Brussels
+6
Bucharest
+7
Budapest
+6
Buenos Aires
+2
Cairo
+7
Calcutta
+10:30
Calgary
-2
Cape Town
+7
Caracas
+1
Casablanca
+5
Copenhagen
+6
Delhi
+10:30
Dublin
+5
Edinburgh
+5
Florence
+6
Frankfurt
+6
Geneva
+6
Glasgow
+5
Halifax
+1
Hanoi
+13
Havana
+0
Helsinki
+7
Ho Chi Minh City
+13
Hong Kong
+13
Istanbul
+7
Jakarta
+0
Jerusalem
+7
Johannesburg
+7
Karachi
+10
Kuala Lumpur
+13
Lima
+0
Lisbon
+5
Liverpool
+4
Madrid
+5
Managua
-1
Manila
+13
Marseilles
+6
Mecca
+8
Melbourne
+16
Mexico City
-1
Montreal
+0
Moscow
+8
Munich
+6
Naples
+6
Oslo
+6
Ottawa
+0
Panama
+0
Paris
+6
Prague
+6
Quebec
+0
Rio de Janeiro
+2
Riyadh
+8
Rome
+6
St. Petersburg
+8
San Juan
+1
Santiago
+1
Seoul
+14
Shanghai
+13
Stockholm
+6
Sydney
+16
Tangiers
+5
Teheran
+8:30
Tel Aviv
+7
Tokyo
-10
Toronto
+0
Tripoli
+7
Vancouver
-3
Venice
+6
Vienna
+6
Vladivostok
+15
Warsaw
+6
Winnipeg
-1
Yokohama
+14
Zurich
+6
American Holidays
Holiday Date New Year's Day January 1 Martin Luther King, Jr. Day Third Monday in January Ground Hog Day February 2 Valentine's Day February 14 President's Day Third Monday in February St. Patrick's Day March 17 April Fool's Day April 1 Patriots Day Third Monday in April Good Friday Friday before Easter Sunday Mother's Day Second Sunday in May Memorial Day Last Monday in May Flag Day June 14 Father's Day Third Sunday in June Independence Day July 4 Labor Day First Monday in September Columbus Day Second Monday in October Halloween October 31 Election Day Tuesday after the first Monday in
November
Federal holiday in years divisible by 4Veterans Day November 11 Thanksgiving Fourth Thursday in November Christmas Day December 25 Weights and Measures
Length 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters (cm) 1 centimeter = 0.39 inches (in) 1 foot = 0.305 meters (m) 1 meter = 3.28 feet (ft) 1 foot = 12 inches 1 yard = 0.914 meters (m) 1 meter = 1.09 yards (yd) 1 yard = 3 feet 1 mile = 1.61 kilometers (km) 1 kilometer = 0.62 miles (mi) 1 mile = 5280 feet
Weight 1 ounce = 28.35 grams (g) 1 gram = 0.035 ounces (oz) 1 pound = 0.4536 kilograms (kg) 1 kilogram = 2.2046 pounds (lb) 1 pound = 16 ounces
Volume 1 gallon = 3.7854 liters (L) 1 liter = 0.2642 gallons
(gal) 1 miles/gallon = 0.42514 km/liter 1 gallon = 4 quarts 1 quart = 2 pints 1 pint = 2 cups 1 cup = 8 fluid ounces 1 tablespoon = 3 teaspoons 1 teaspoon = 5 ml Electronic Equipment
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